Podľa Adaira, predsedu Leadership Studies United Nations System Staff College v Turine, žiadna teória o motivácii nemala na myslenie manažérov taký vplyv ako hierarchia potrieb Abrahama Maslowa.
Jej základ tvorí predstava, že človek nie je motivovaný vonkajšími podnetmi ako je odmena a trest, ale vnútorným programom potrieb. Tieto potreby vytvárajú určité súbory. Ak je jeden súbor uspokojený, vynorí sa do popredia iný. Uspokojená potreba prestáva motivovať.
Maslowova hierarchia potrieb:
- Sebarealizácia
- Uznanie
- Súnaležitosť a láska
- Bezpečie a istota
- Fyziologické potreby
Prvé tri potreby sa tiež označujú ako nižšie potreby (základné fyziologické potreby, potreba istoty, potreba spolupatričnosti), ostatné ako vyššie potreby (potreba uznania a potreba sebarealizácie).
Fyziologické potreby
Potreba kyslíka, jedla, vody. Uspokojované sú platom (mzdou). Ich nenaplnenie sa prejavuje nespokojnosťou s nasledujúcimi silnými fluktuačnými tendenciami.
Podľa Adaira koncepcia fyziologických hnacích síl býva obvykle považovaná za začiatočný bod motivačnej teórie. Človek, ktorý si myslí, že má hlad , bude skôr vyhľadávať bezpečie, než uhľovodíky alebo proteíny. Pokiaľ sa človek dostane do situácie, keď má chronický nedostatok jedla a vody, bude prednostne ovládaný túžbou jesť a piť a jeho záujem pre ostatné potreby bude potlačený. Fyziologické potreby sú preto na prvom mieste. Znamená to, že ľudská bytosť, ktorej v živote chýba úplne všetko, sa bude snažiť uspokojiť práve tieto fyziologické potreby oveľa skôr než ostatné potreby.
Európske nariadenie GDPR sa týka nás všetkých
Dramatické sankcie za nedodržanie GDPR nariadenia EÚ už postihujú malé spoločnosti na Slovensku. Sprísnili sa pravidlá spracovania osobných údajov občanov EU a zvýšili sa dramaticky sankcie. Rozšírila sa aj teritoriálna pôsobnosť, tzn. že sa začala uplatňovať na európske organizácie a aj na organizácie, ktoré nie sú usadené v EÚ, ak ponúkajú služby dotknutým fyzickým osobám v EÚ. Neváhajte ak nemáte ešte ošetrené GDPR nariadenie vo vašej spoločnosti a nechajte si vypracovať GDPR dokumentáciu u outsourcingovej spoločnosti SAFEDATA. Firma Safedata.sk vypracovala viac ako tisícky dokumentácií pre spoločnosti na celom Slovensku.
Ľudia sa líšia v preferencii niektorého z typu potrieb. Pre organizáciu sú cenní tí zamestnanci, ktorí majú silné potreby sebarealizácie, seba aktualizácie, pretože v situáciách neustálych zmien a inovácií nachádzajú v nich firmy cenných pracovníkov.
Potreba bezpečia a istoty
Podľa Adaira keď sú fyziologické potreby relatívne dobre uspokojené, vynorí sa nový súhrn potrieb, a tým je potreba istého bezpečia. Vzhľadom k tomu, že dospelí majú obvykle zábrany pri vyjadrovaní obáv, a majú pocit ohrozenia, skrývajú ho, je tento aspekt ľahšie pozorovateľný u detí, ktoré reagujú úplne otvorene na akékoľvek narušenie ich sveta, vyľaká ich hlasný zvuk, pád, záblesk svetla a drsné zaobchádzanie. Nespravodlivosť, nie fér jednanie vo výchove spôsobí, že dieťa cíti obavy a necíti sa bezpečne.
Sociálne potreby
Podľa Adaira vo chvíli, keď sú uspokojené fyziologické potreby a potreba bezpečia, naznačuje Maslow, že sa ako dominantné centrum motivácie objaví potreba lásky, citov a túžby niekam patriť. Človek, ktorý pociťuje spoločenské potreby, bude ťažko niesť to, že nemá priateľov a bude vyhľadávať cituplné vzťahy s ľuďmi a bude sa chcieť zaradiť do nejakej skupiny.
Sociálne potreby sú pre nás ľudí prirodzené. Narodili sme sa v malom spoločenstve a to v rodine a stali sme sa individualistami. Ale nikdy sme nestratili potrebu pocitu spolupatričnosti. Práca je živnou pôdou pre kamarátstvo a priateľstvo.
Potreba uznania
Veľmi dôležitá potreba orientovaná do sociálneho okolia pracovníka. Vyjadruje potrebu pozitívnych spätných väzieb od okolia vo forme pochvaly, ocenenia, ale aj vo forme pracovného postupu, poverenia náročnou úlohou a podobne. Človek potrebuje zážitok, som dobrý, mám úspech.
Potreba sebarealizácie
Podľa Adaira, že dokonca aj keď sú všetky predchádzajúce potreby uspokojené, môžeme často očakávať, že sa čoskoro objaví nová nespokojnosť a určitý nepokoj ako hnacia sila, pokým človek neurobí to, čo ho naplní. Hudobník sa musí venovať hudbe, maliar musí kresliť, básnik musí písať, pokiaľ chce dosiahnuť vnútorný mier sám so sebou. Čímkoľvek človek môže byť, tým aj musí byť. Túto potrebu nazývame potrebou sebarealizácie.
Maslowovej teórii sa vyčíta hlavne hierarchická usporiadanosť potrieb, ktorá determinuje ich usporiadanie. Významným zistením pre hospodársku prax je fakt, že človeka motivujú rôzne druhy potrieb, z čoho vyplýva, že úlohou manažéra je ich identifikovať a vytvoriť podmienky na ich elimináciu.
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